CompTIA Updated N10-008 Exam Questions and Answers by abbas

SFP+ is a type of optical transceiver that supports 10G single-channel transmission over fiber optic cables. SFP+ stands for small form-factor pluggable plus, and it is compatible with SFP slots on switches and routers.

• The question asks about the benefit of the spine-and-leaf network topology, which is a data center network design that consists of two layers of switches: the spine layer and the leaf layer. The spine layer interconnects all the leaf switches in a full-mesh topology, and the leaf layer connects to the servers and end devices1.
• The answer is stable network latency, which means the delay or time it takes for a packet to travel from one point to another in the network. In a spine-and-leaf topology, every leaf switch is the same number of hops away from any other leaf switch, which ensures consistent and predictable latency for the traffic between the servers and devices2. This is especially important for applications that require high performance and low latency, such as cloud computing, big data analytics, and virtualization3.
• Increased network security, simplified network management, and eliminated need for inter-VLAN routing are not the correct answers, because they are not the benefits of the spine-and-leaf topology. Increased network security depends on other factors, such as encryption, authentication, and firewall policies, not just the network topology. Simplified network management may be achieved by using automation and orchestration tools, but the spine-and-leaf topology itself may require more cabling and configuration than a traditional three-tier topology. Eliminated need for inter-VLAN routing is not a benefit, because inter-VLAN routing is still needed to communicate between different VLANs or subnets in the network, regardless of the topology. References:
• Spine-Leaf Architecture
• Spine-Leaf Architecture - GeeksforGeeks
• What is Spine-Leaf Architecture and How Does It Work? - Aruba
• CompTIA Network+ N10-008 Study Guide

Jitter is the variation in the time between packets arriving, caused by network congestion, timing drift, or route changes. In the context of VoIP, jitter is especially problematic because it affects the steady stream of packet delivery needed for coherent voice communication. When packets are received out of order, the audio can become jumbled and distorted, as the packets don't arrive in the sequence needed for correct playback. Jitter is the specific network metric responsible for causing the symptoms described in the scenario, whereas bandwidth, latency, and delay could contribute to network performance issues but would not specifically cause packets to be received out of order​​.

A link-state algorithm is a routing algorithm that uses information about the state of each link in the network to calculate the shortest path from one node to every other node. A link-state algorithm requires each router to maintain a complete map of the network topology and exchange link-state advertisements with its neighbors periodically or when a change occurs. A link-state algorithm uses a mathematical formula called Dijkstra’s algorithm to find the shortest path based on the link costs. A link-state algorithm provides the fastest convergence time because it can quickly detect and adapt to network changes. References: [CompTIA Network+ Certification Exam Objectives], [Link-state routing protocol - Wikipedia]