Six Sigma Black Belt Certification
Last Update September 20, 2024
Total Questions : 227
Our Six Sigma Black Belt CSSBB exam questions and answers cover all the topics of the latest Six Sigma Black Belt Certification exam, See the topics listed below. We also provide ASQ CSSBB exam dumps with accurate exam content to help you prepare for the exam quickly and easily. Additionally, we offer a range of ASQ CSSBB resources to help you understand the topics covered in the exam, such as Six Sigma Black Belt video tutorials, CSSBB study guides, and CSSBB practice exams. With these resources, you can develop a better understanding of the topics covered in the exam and be better prepared for success.
| Exam Name | Six Sigma Black Belt Certification |
| Exam Code | CSSBB |
| Actual Exam Duration | The duration of the ASQ CSSBB (Certified Six Sigma Black Belt) exam is 4 hours and 18 minutes. |
| Expected no. of Questions in Actual Exam | 20 |
| What exam is all about | ASQ CSSBB stands for American Society for Quality Certified Six Sigma Black Belt. It is an exam that tests the knowledge and skills of individuals in the field of Six Sigma methodology. The exam covers topics such as statistical analysis, process improvement, project management, and leadership. Passing the CSSBB exam demonstrates that an individual has a thorough understanding of Six Sigma principles and is capable of leading and managing complex improvement projects. |
| Passing Score required | The passing score required in the ASQ CSSBB (Certified Six Sigma Black Belt) exam is 550 points out of a total of 750 points. This means that a candidate must score at least 73.3% to pass the exam. The exam consists of 165 multiple-choice questions, and candidates have four hours to complete it. The exam covers a wide range of topics related to Six Sigma methodology, including statistical analysis, process improvement, and project management. Candidates who pass the exam are awarded the CSSBB certification, which is recognized globally as a mark of excellence in Six Sigma. |
| Competency Level required | The ASQ CSSBB (Certified Six Sigma Black Belt) exam requires a high level of competency in the field of Six Sigma. Candidates should have a thorough understanding of the Six Sigma methodology, statistical analysis, and process improvement techniques. They should also have experience leading and managing Six Sigma projects, as well as the ability to train and mentor others in Six Sigma principles. In addition, candidates should have strong communication and leadership skills, as well as the ability to work collaboratively with cross-functional teams. Overall, the CSSBB exam requires a high level of expertise and experience in Six Sigma, and candidates should be well-prepared to demonstrate their knowledge and skills on the exam. |
| Questions Format | Based on my research, the ASQ CSSBB exam consists of 165 multiple-choice questions. The questions are designed to test the candidate's knowledge and understanding of the Six Sigma methodology, tools, and techniques. The exam questions are divided into five sections, each covering a specific area of Six Sigma: 1. Define: This section covers the basics of Six Sigma, including its history, philosophy, and key concepts. 2. Measure: This section covers the tools and techniques used to measure process performance, such as statistical process control (SPC) and measurement system analysis (MSA). 3. Analyze: This section covers the tools and techniques used to analyze process data, such as hypothesis testing and regression analysis. 4. Improve: This section covers the tools and techniques used to improve process performance, such as design of experiments (DOE) and lean principles. 5. Control: This section covers the tools and techniques used to maintain process performance, such as control charts and mistake-proofing. The exam questions are designed to be challenging and require a deep understanding of Six Sigma principles and practices. Candidates are given four hours to complete the exam, and a passing score of 550 out of 750 is required to earn the CSSBB certification. |
| Delivery of Exam | The ASQ CSSBB exam is a computer-based exam that is delivered through Pearson VUE testing centers. |
| Language offered | The ASQ CSSBB (Certified Six Sigma Black Belt) exam is offered in English language only. The exam consists of 165 multiple-choice questions, which are designed to test the candidate's knowledge and understanding of Six Sigma principles, tools, and techniques. The questions are based on the ASQ CSSBB Body of Knowledge, which covers a wide range of topics related to Six Sigma methodology, including statistical analysis, process improvement, project management, and leadership. Candidates are given four hours to complete the exam, and must achieve a minimum score of 550 out of 750 to pass. |
| Cost of exam | You can visit the official website of ASQ (American Society for Quality) to get the latest pricing information for the CSSBB (Certified Six Sigma Black Belt) exam. The cost of the exam may vary depending on your location, membership status, and other factors. |
| Target Audience | The ASQ CSSBB (Certified Six Sigma Black Belt) certification is designed for professionals who have a strong understanding of Six Sigma methodologies and tools and are responsible for leading and managing Six Sigma projects. The target audience for this certification includes: 1. Quality professionals who want to advance their career in Six Sigma and lead Six Sigma projects. 2. Process improvement professionals who want to enhance their skills in Six Sigma methodologies and tools. 3. Project managers who want to integrate Six Sigma methodologies into their project management approach. 4. Engineers who want to improve their problem-solving skills and lead Six Sigma projects. 5. Business professionals who want to improve their organization's processes and reduce costs. 6. Anyone who wants to enhance their knowledge and skills in Six Sigma methodologies and tools. |
| Average Salary in Market | According to the ASQ Salary Survey, the average salary for a Certified Six Sigma Black Belt (CSSBB) in the United States is around $100,000 per year. However, the salary may vary depending on the industry, location, and years of experience. |
| Testing Provider | You can visit the official website of the American Society for Quality (ASQ) to register for the exam and get more information about it. Additionally, there are many online resources and study materials available that can help you prepare for the exam. |
| Recommended Experience | I can provide you with the recommended experience for ASQ CSSBB exam. The recommended experience for ASQ CSSBB (Certified Six Sigma Black Belt) exam includes: 1. At least three years of full-time work experience in one or more areas of the Six Sigma Body of Knowledge (BOK). 2. Completion of a Six Sigma Black Belt project or a quality improvement project that demonstrates the application of Six Sigma tools and techniques. 3. Knowledge of statistical tools and techniques, including hypothesis testing, design of experiments, and statistical process control. 4. Familiarity with Lean principles and tools, including value stream mapping, 5S, and Kaizen. 5. Understanding of project management principles and tools, including project planning, risk management, and stakeholder management. 6. Knowledge of quality management systems, including ISO 9001 and other quality standards. 7. Familiarity with the DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) methodology and its application to process improvement projects. 8. Experience in leading and facilitating cross-functional teams. 9. Strong communication and interpersonal skills. 10. A commitment to continuous improvement and a passion for quality. |
| Prerequisite | The prerequisites for the ASQ CSSBB (Certified Six Sigma Black Belt) exam are:
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| Retirement (If Applicable) | it is recommended to check the official website of ASQ or contact their customer service for the most up-to-date information regarding the retirement date of the exam. |
| Certification Track (RoadMap): | The certification track/roadmap for the ASQ CSSBB (Certified Six Sigma Black Belt) exam includes the following steps: 1. Meet the eligibility requirements: To be eligible for the CSSBB exam, candidates must have at least three years of full-time work experience in one or more areas of the Six Sigma Black Belt Body of Knowledge. 2. Prepare for the exam: Candidates can prepare for the CSSBB exam by studying the Six Sigma Black Belt Body of Knowledge, taking training courses, and practicing with sample exam questions. 3. Apply for the exam: Candidates must submit an application to ASQ and pay the exam fee. 4. Pass the exam: The CSSBB exam consists of 165 multiple-choice questions and must be completed within four hours. A passing score is 550 or higher out of a possible 750 points. 5. Maintain certification: To maintain their CSSBB certification, candidates must earn 18 recertification units (RUs) every three years by participating in professional development activities related to Six Sigma. Overall, the CSSBB certification track/roadmap involves meeting eligibility requirements, preparing for the exam, applying for the exam, passing the exam, and maintaining certification through ongoing professional development. |
| Official Information | http://asq.org/cert/six-sigma-black-belt |
| Take Self-Assessment | Use ASQ CSSBB Practice Test to Assess your preparation - Save Time and Reduce Chances of Failure |
| Section | Weight | Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| I. Organization-Wide Planning and Deployment | 12% | A. Organization-wide Considerations 1. Fundamentals of Six Sigma and lean methodologies Define and describe the value, foundations, philosophy, history, and goals of these approaches, and describe the integration and complementary relationship between them. (Understand) 2. Six Sigma, lean, and continuous improvement methodologies Describe when to use Six Sigma instead of other problem-solving approaches, and describe the importance of aligning Six Sigma objectives with organizational goals. Describe screening criteria and how such criteria can be used for the selection of Six Sigma projects, lean initiatives, and other continuous improvement methods. (Apply) 3. Relationships among business systems and processes Describe the interactive relationships among business systems, processes, and internal and external stakeholders, and the impact those relationships have on business systems. (Understand) 4. Strategic planning and deployment for initiatives Define the importance of strategic planning for Six Sigma projects and lean initiatives. Demonstrate how hoshin kanri (X-matrix), portfolio analysis, and other tools can be used in support of strategic deployment of these projects. Use feasibility studies, SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats), PEST analysis (political, economic, social, and technological) and contingency planning and business continuity planning to enhance strategic planning and deployment. (Apply) B. Leadership 1. Roles and responsibilities Describe the roles and responsibilities of executive leadership, champions, sponsors, process owners, Master Black Belts, Black Belts, and Green Belts in driving Six Sigma and lean initiatives. Describe how each group influences project deployment in terms of providing or managing resources, enabling changes in organizational structure, and supporting communications about the purpose and deployment of the initiatives. (Understand) 2. Organizational roadblocks and change management Describe how an organization’s structure and culture can impact Six Sigma projects. Identify common causes of Six Sigma failures, including lack of management support and lack of resources. Apply change management techniques, including stakeholder analysis, readiness assessments, and communication plans to overcome barriers and drive organization-wide change. (Apply C. Business Measures 1. Performance measures Define and describe balanced scorecard, key performance indicators (KPIs), customer loyalty metrics, and leading and lagging indicators. Explain how to create a line of sight from performance measures to organizational strategies. (Analyze) 2. Financial measures Define and use revenue growth, market share, margin, net present value (NPV), return on investment (ROI), and cost benefit analysis (CBA). Explain the difference between hard cost measures (from profit and loss statements) and soft cost benefits of cost avoidance and reduction. (Apply) |
| II. Organizational Process Management and Measures | 10% | A. Impact on Stakeholders Describe the impact Six Sigma projects can have on customers, suppliers, and other stakeholders. (Understand) B. Benchmarking Define and distinguish between various types of benchmarking, e.g., best practices, competitive, collaborative, breakthrough. Select measures and performance goals for projects resulting from benchmarking activities. (Apply) |
| III. Team Management | 18% | A. Team Formation 1. Team types and constraints Define and describe various teams, including virtual, cross-functional, and self-directed. Determine what team type will work best for a given a set of constraints, e.g., geography, technology availability, staff schedules, time zones. (Apply) 2. Team roles and responsibilities Define and describe various team roles and responsibilities for leader, facilitator, coach, and individual member. (Understand) 3. Team member selection criteria Describe various factors that influence the selection of team members, including the ability to influence, openness to change, required skill sets, subject matter expertise, and availability. (Apply) 4. Team success factors Identify and describe the elements necessary for successful teams, e.g., management support, clear goals, ground rules, timelines. (Apply) B. Team Facilitation 1. Motivational techniques Describe and apply techniques to motivate team members. Identify factors that can demotivate team members and describe techniques to overcome them. (Apply) 2. Team stages of development Identify and describe the classic stages of team development: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. (Apply) 3. Team communication Describe and explain the elements of an effective communication plan, e.g., audience identification, message type, medium, frequency. (Apply) 4. Team leadership models Describe and select appropriate leadership approaches (e.g., direct, coach, support, delegate) to ensure team success. (Apply) C. Team Dynamics 1. Group behaviors Identify and use various conflict resolution techniques (e.g., coaching, mentoring, intervention) to overcome negative group dynamics, including dominant and reluctant participants, groupthink, rushing to finish, and digressions. (Evaluate) 2. Meeting management Select and use various meeting management techniques, including using agendas, starting on time, requiring pre-work by attendees, and ensuring that the right people and resources are available. (Apply) 3. Team decision-making methods Define, select, and use various tools (e.g., consensus, nominal group technique, multi-voting) for decision making. (Apply) D. Team Training 1. Needs assessment Identify the steps involved to implement an effective training curriculum: identify skills gaps, develop learning objectives, prepare a training plan, and develop training materials. (Understand) 2. Delivery Describe various techniques used to deliver effective training, including adult learning theory, soft skills, and modes of learning. (Understand) 3. Evaluation Describe various techniques to evaluate training, including evaluation planning, feedback surveys, pre-training and post- training testing. (Understand) |
| IV. Define | 20% | A. Voice of the Customer 1. Customer Identification Identify and segment customers and show how a project will impact both internal and external customers. (Apply) 2. Customer data collection Identify and select appropriate data collection methods (e.g., surveys, focus groups, interviews, observations) to gather voice of the customer data. Ensure the data collection methods used are reviewed for validity and reliability. (Analyze) 3. Customer requirements Define, select, and apply appropriate tools to determine customer needs and requirements, including critical-to-X (CTX when “X” can be quality, cost, safety, etc.), CTQ tree, quality function deployment (QFD), supplier, input, process, output, customer (SIPOC), and Kano model. (Analyze) B. Business Case and Project Charter 1. Business case Describe business case justification used to support projects. (Understand) 2. Problem statement Develop a project problem statement and evaluate it in relation to baseline performance and improvement goals. (Evaluate) 3. Project scope Develop and review project boundaries to ensure that the project has value to the customer. (Analyze) 4. Goals and objectives Identify specific, measureable, actionable, relevant, and time bound (SMART) goals and objectives on the basis of the project’s problem statement and scope. (Analyze) 5. Project performance measurements Identify and evaluate performance measurements (e.g., cost, revenue, delivery, schedule, customer satisfaction) that connect critical elements of the process to key outputs. (Analyze) 6. Project charter review Explain the importance of having periodic project charter reviews with stakeholders. (Understand) C. Project Management (PM) Tools Identify and use the following PM tools to track projects and document their progress. (Evaluate) 1. Gantt charts 2. Toll-gate reviews 3. Work breakdown structure (WBS) 4. RACI model (responsible, accountable, consulted, and informed) D. Analytical Tools Identify and use the following analytical tools throughout the DMAIC cycle. (Apply) 1. Affinity diagrams 2. Tree diagrams 3. Matrix diagrams 4. Prioritization matrices 5. Activity network diagrams |
| V. Measure | 25% | A. Process Characteristics 1. Process flow metrics Identify and use process flow metrics (e.g., work in progress (WIP), work in queue (WIQ), touch time, takt time, cycle time, throughput) to determine constraints. Describe the impact that “hidden factories” can have on process flow metrics. (Analyze) 2. Process analysis tools Select, use, and evaluate various tools, e.g., value stream maps, process maps, work instructions, flowcharts, spaghetti diagrams, circle diagrams, gemba walk. (Evaluate) B. Data Collection 1. Types of data Define, classify, and distinguish between qualitative and quantitative data, and continuous and discrete data. (Evaluate) 2. Measurement scales Define and use nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio measurement scales. (Apply) 3. Sampling Define and describe sampling concepts, including representative selection, homogeneity, bias, accuracy, and precision. Determine the appropriate sampling method (e.g., random, stratified, systematic, subgroup, block) to obtain valid representation in various situations. (Evaluate) 4. Data collection plans and methods Develop and implement data collection plans that include data capture and processing tools, e.g., check sheets, data coding, data cleaning (imputation techniques). Avoid data collection pitfalls by defining the metrics to be used or collected, ensuring that collectors are trained in the tools and understand how the data will be used, and checking for seasonality effects. (Analyze) C. Measurement Systems 1. Measurement system analysis (MSA) Use gauge repeatability and reproducibility (R&R) studies and other MSA tools (e.g., bias, correlation, linearity, precision to tolerance, percent agreement) to analyze measurement system capability. (Evaluate) 2. Measurement systems across the organization Identify how measurement systems can be applied to marketing, sales, engineering, research and development (R&D), supply chain management, and customer satisfaction data. (Understand) 3. Metrology Define and describe elements of metrology, including calibration systems, traceability to reference standards, and the control and integrity of measurement devices and standards. (Understand) D. Basic Statistics 1. Basic statistical terms Define and distinguish between population parameters and sample statistics, e.g., proportion, mean, standard deviation. (Apply) 2. Central limit theorem Explain the central limit theorem and its significance in the application of inferential statistics for confidence intervals, hypothesis tests, and control charts. (Understand) 3. Descriptive statistics Calculate and interpret measures of dispersion and central tendency. (Evaluate) 4. Graphical methods Construct and interpret diagrams and charts, e.g., box-and-whisker plots, scatter diagrams, histograms, normal probability plots, frequency distributions, cumulative frequency distributions. (Evaluate) 5. Valid statistical conclusions Distinguish between descriptive and inferential statistical studies. Evaluate how the results of statistical studies are used to draw valid conclusions. (Evaluate) E. Probability 1. Basic concepts Describe and apply probability concepts, e.g., independence, mutually exclusive events, addition and multiplication rules, conditional probability, complementary probability, joint occurrence of events. (Apply) 2. Distributions Describe, interpret, and use various distributions, e.g., normal, Poisson, binomial, chi square, Student’s t, F, hypergeometric, bivariate, exponential, lognormal, Weibull. (Evaluate) F. Process Capability 1. Process capability indices Define, select, and calculate Cp and Cpk. (Evaluate) 2. Process performance indices Define, select, and calculate Pp, Ppk, Cpm, and process sigma. (Evaluate) 3. General process capability studies Describe and apply elements of designing and conducting process capability studies relative to characteristics, specifications, sampling plans, stability, and normality. (Evaluate) 4. Process capability for attributes data Calculate the process capability and process sigma level for attributes data. (Apply) 5. Process capability for non-normal data Identify non-normal data and determine when it is appropriate to use Box-Cox or other transformation techniques. (Apply) 6. Process performance vs. specification Distinguish between natural process limits and specification limits. Calculate process performance metrics, e.g., percent defective, parts per million (PPM), defects per million opportunities (DPMO), defects per unit (DPU), throughput yield, rolled throughput yield (RTY). (Evaluate) 7. Short-term and long-term capability Describe and use appropriate assumptions and conventions when only short-term data or only long-term data are available. Interpret the relationship between short-term and long-term capability. (Evaluate) |
| VI. Analyze | 22% | A. Measuring and Modeling Relationships Between Variables 1. Correlation coefficient Calculate and interpret the correlation coefficient and its confidence interval, and describe the difference between correlation and causation. (Evaluate) 2. Linear regression Calculate and interpret regression analysis, and apply and interpret hypothesis tests for regression statistics. Use the regression model for estimation and prediction, analyze the uncertainty in the estimate, and perform a residuals analysis to validate the model. (Evaluate) 3. Multivariate tools Use and interpret multivariate tools (e.g., factor analysis, discriminant analysis, multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA)) to investigate sources of variation. (Evaluate) B. Hypothesis Testing 1. Terminology Define and interpret the significance level, power, type I, and type II errors of statistical tests. (Evaluate) 2. Statistical vs. practical significance Define, compare, and interpret statistical and practical significance. (Evaluate) 3. Sample size Calculate sample size for common hypothesis tests: equality of means and equality of proportions. (Apply) 4. Point and interval estimates Define and distinguish between confidence and prediction intervals. Define and interpret the efficiency and bias of estimators. Calculate tolerance and confidence intervals. (Evaluate) 5. Tests for means, variances, and proportions Use and interpret the results of hypothesis tests for means, variances, and proportions. (Evaluate) 6. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Select, calculate, and interpret the results of ANOVAs. (Evaluate) 7. Goodness-of-fit (chi square) tests Define, select, and interpret the results of these tests. (Evaluate) 8. Contingency tables Select, develop, and use contingency tables to determine statistical significance. (Evaluate) 9. Nonparametric tests Understand the importance of the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests and when they should be used. (Understand) C. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) Describe the purpose and elements of FMEA, including risk priority number (RPN), and evaluate FMEA results for processes, products, and services. Distinguish between design FMEA (DFMEA) and process FMEA (PFMEA), and interpret their results. (Evaluate) D. Additional Analysis Methods 1. Gap analysis Analyze scenarios to identify performance gaps, and compare current and future states using predefined metrics. (Analyze) 2. Root cause analysis Define and describe the purpose of root cause analysis, recognize the issues involved in identifying a root cause, and use various tools (e.g., 5 whys, Pareto charts, fault tree analysis, cause and effect diagrams) to resolve chronic problems. (Analyze) 3. Waste analysis Identify and interpret the seven classic wastes (overproduction, inventory, defects, over-processing, waiting, motion, transportation) and resource under-utilization. (Analyze) |
| VII. Improve | 21% | A. Design of Experiments (DOE) 1. Terminology Define basic DOE terms, e.g., independent and dependent variables, factors and levels, response, treatment, error, nested. (Understand) 2. Design principles Define and apply DOE principles, e.g., power, sample size, balance, repetition, replication, order, efficiency, randomization, blocking, interaction, confounding, resolution. (Apply) 3. Planning experiments Plan and evaluate DOEs by determining the objective, selecting appropriate factors, responses, and measurement methods, and choosing the appropriate design. (Evaluate) 4. One-factor experiments Design and conduct completely randomized, randomized block, and Latin square designs, and evaluate their results. (Evaluate) 5. Two-level fractional factorial experiments Design, analyze, and interpret these types of experiments, and describe how confounding can affect their use. (Evaluate) 6. Full factorial experiments Design, conduct, and analyze these types of experiments. (Evaluate) B. Lean Methods 1. Waste elimination Select and apply tools and techniques for eliminating or preventing waste, e.g., pull systems, kanban, 5S, standard work, poka-yoke. (Analyze) 2. Cycle-time reduction Use various tools and techniques for reducing cycle time, e.g., continuous flow, single-minute exchange of die (SMED), heijunka (production leveling). (Analyze) 3. Kaizen Define and distinguish between kaizen and kaizen blitz and describe when to use each method. (Apply) 4. Other improvement tools and techniques Identify and describe how other process improvement methodologies are used, e.g., theory of constraints (TOC), overall equipment effectiveness (OEE). (Understand) C. Implementation Develop plans for implementing proposed improvements, including conducting pilot tests or simulations, and evaluate results to select the optimum solution. (Evaluate) |
| VIII. Control | 15% | A. Statistical Process Control (SPC) 1. Objectives Explain the objectives of SPC, including monitoring and controlling process performance, tracking trends, runs, and reducing variation within a process. (Understand) 2. Selection of variables Identify and select critical process characteristics for control chart monitoring. (Apply) 3. Rational subgrouping Define and apply the principle of rational subgrouping. (Apply) 4. Control chart selection Select and use control charts in various situations: X-R, X-s, individual and moving range (ImR), p, np, c, u, short-run SPC, and moving average. (Apply) 5. Control chart analysis Interpret control charts and distinguish between common and special causes using rules for determining statistical control. (Analyze) B. Other Controls 1. Total productive maintenance (TPM) Define the elements of TPM and describe how it can be used to consistently control the improved process. (Understand) 2. Visual controls Define the elements of visual controls (e.g., pictures of correct procedures, color-coded components, indicator lights), and describe how they can help control the improved process. (Understand) C. Maintain Controls 1. Measurement system reanalysis Review and evaluate measurement system capability as process capability improves, and ensure that measurement capability is sufficient for its intended use. (Evaluate) 2. Control plan Develop a control plan to maintain the improved process performance, enable continuous improvement, and transfer responsibility from the project team to the process owner. (Apply) D. Sustain Improvements 1. Lessons learned Document the lessons learned from all phases of a project and identify how improvements can be replicated and applied to other processes in the organization. (Apply) 2. Documentation Develop or modify documents including standard operating procedures (SOPs), work instructions, and control plans to ensure that the improvements are sustained over time. (Apply) 3. Training for process owners and staff Develop and implement training plans to ensure consistent execution of revised process methods and standards to maintain process improvements. (Apply) 4. Ongoing evaluation Identify and apply tools (e.g., control charts, control plans) for ongoing evaluation of the improved process, including monitoring leading indicators, lagging indicators, and additional opportunities for improvement. (Apply) |
| IX. Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) Framework and Methodologies | 7% | A. Common DFSS Methodologies Identify and describe define, measure, analyze, design, and validate (DMADV) and define, measure, analyze, design, optimize, and validate (DMADOV). (Understand) B. Design for X (DFX) Describe design constraints, including design for cost, design for manufacturability (producibility), design for test, and design for maintainability. (Understand) C. Robust Designs Describe the elements of robust product design, tolerance design, and statistical tolerancing. (Understand) |
TESTED 20 Sep 2024
